Aging Ad Analysis

Advertisement of products through media is constantly used by marketing as a way by which they are able to educate the public regarding the features of their products which are provided for heir consumers. Among the favorite topics of advertising today is regarding the products that feature anti-aging chemicals helping the old-aged people look young and cover their age years through the use of beauty products.Yes, as clearly seen, immortality is among the most wanted features of the public from products. Ironically, this could never be possible and could never be provided by any product. However, staying young basing from the looks of a person is at least a relief from all the doubtful feelings brought about by the fact of aging.Hence, to be able to cater to this social demand, clinical scientists and chemical engineers try to formulate ways by which they could address to he said need of humanity.How does advertising cater to this social want? Moreover, how much does advertising affe ct the human reaction towards aging and its reality? These questions shall be addressed in the paragraphs that follow as the advertising systems of Olay products against aging shall be observed by the author of this paper.OLAY Company and Their ProductsOne of the leading companies that cater to the need of people to feel young and beautiful amidst their age is Olay Company. It produces numerous products that help the lessening of the effects of aging on human skin. Mostly, their products try to alleviate the lines in the skin, especially on the face of people that are usually obvious as the person gains age.This is the reason why on most advertisements of the company, especially concerning televised marketing, it could be noticed that the focus of the artists are on the way their skin feels and looks like.It is simply like erasing the lines of age from the face and feeling young again. Of course, this could not be considered as a way by which people gain immortality. However, the fa ct that the ‘feel-good’ feature of the products usually give the notion of becoming renewed and rejuvenated in many ways just because of thinking that they grew younger once more.The vitality that the products provide makes the consumers feel refreshed, Hence, the more they are able to live life to its fullest. Furthermore, most of the television commercials of the said products claim that beauty becomes radiant if the person that ‘wears it’ feels good from within.For this reason, the trust that the consumers have on the products of the company, which are mostly based from their ability to persuade through their advertisements, makes the consumers more radiantly reflecting the beauty they feel from within.One of their advertisements through the Internet posted the following claims:â€Å"Any moisturiser – regardless of price – can claim to smooth wrinkles because it will temporarily plump the skin. â€Å"Using any moisturising product will he lp reduce fine lines and wrinkles by between 12 and 15 per cent,† says Dr John Sullivan, acting head of dermatology at Liverpool Hospital. â€Å"A more expensive moisturiser might smell better and feel nicer on your skin. But it's not actually anti-ageing; it's just a temporary effect while you're using the product.†Source: smh.com.au. (2006). Wrinkle power. http://www.smh.com.au/news/beauty/wrinkle-power/2006/10/24/1161455723591.html. (December 7, 2006)Obviously, the advertisement cited above encourages the consumers to purchase the product that they advertise through stating that the product ensures the user of a wrinkle-free skin. Hence, beauty is rather portrayed in terms of having a flawless skin and un-aged physical features. Everything is obviously based upon the physical attributes of a person.Social Effects of the AdvertisementsWhere did all this wanting to stay young and remain ‘immortal’ in a sense came from? Mostly, as Susan Mc Carthy mentioned in her article entitled â€Å"On Immortality†, the source of this social wanting of being young at all times possible is based upon the fact that the system of the human body is obviously able to support its own self towards immortality.This study has been proved through the continuous research of scientists with regards the amazing structure of the human body and the wondrous make up of the human cells as well as their ability to reproduce on themselves.Hence, knowing this, many people, especially the experts, claim that immortality is indeed possible. The certainties though of producing human genome projects that would rather cater to this human demand for longer life are not as strong as it may seem. As a result, the human society at present is trying to make itself feel at ease through the beauty products produced through cosmetics companies.However, instead of feeling more at ease, there are numerous people who feel more obliged and frustrated with regards to being †˜beautiful and young’. Those who are especially unable to purchase beauty products feel the doubts of being totally beautiful or socially accepted in terms of their physical appearance. Most often, they end up wanting more than what they could actually have.The feature of advertisements towards anti-aging has led the society in viewing life as a mere epitome of the need of being beautiful. The constant posts of the said television or even the printed ads have created a notion on people’s minds regarding the need of a person to stay beautiful and young amidst their age gains.ConclusionAging is not bad. As a fact, aging is a sign of experience and wisdom. During the earlier times, it could not be denied that the aging features of the physical attributes of a person set him in a higher level of integrity compared to others in the society.However, with the development of technology and further enhancement of marketing strategies in media, old age has been viewed by the mo dern society as an unwanted truth in human life. Hence, the production of products that would help alleviate the doubts brought about by aging symptoms which becomes obvious on the physical features of a person have been boosted and still continuously developed.True, the want of being young at all times and the notion of incurring immortality would continuously interest people. Perhaps, the creator pf mankind has undoubtedly implanted this though upon the human mind because of the fact that HE himself plans something better for humans in the future. For who else is better to provide the needs of the creations than the creator himself?

Modern Accounting Systems Essay

All the organizations in the world are aiming at expanding both in terms of the gains they make and the number of customers they have and this has seen a lot of improvements in almost all sectors of the organizations. The accounting sector has encountered a high level improvement due to the introduction of the modern accounting systems. Modern accounting systems have ensured that the organizations carry out their accounting work with the use of modern accounting systems that are more efficient compared to the earlier accounting systems. Organizations that have adopted the modern accounting systems have had an added advantage over those that have not. In the current dynamic economic world organizations are trying very hard to be more competitive than their rivals and adopting the modern accounting systems has helped organizations attain a competitive advantage. Most of the leading accountants in the world both in the private and in the public sector have realized the need for better and effective accounting systems. In addition to the modern accounting systems organizations have realized that there is need to have knowledge of accounting principles because the modern systems cannot achieve their anticipated results without the proper knowledge. For organizations to best manage their resources they have to come up with a way of measuring the resources and this has seen the accounting sector of many organizations to be very crucial in the management of the organization. Basically an accounting system is supposed to help an organization in understanding its operations and also know if it is making profits or losses. Without an accounting system the organization may not be able to predict any shortages in the cash flow or in other crucial resources. An accounting system allows an organization to have a record of all its debtors and therefore it is able to know those customers or clients that have not cleared their debts or those who are paying at a slow rate. This helps the organization to determine the credit worthiness of its clients and therefore it knows the limits to which it may extend its credit services. Organizations in the early days needed an accounting system that would meet the basic needs of an accounting system but currently due to the revolution in the sector most organizations have become very innovative ion the accounting sector (Jae and Joel, 2000). The accounting perspective of both small organizations and large organizations has currently undergone a huge revolution with the introduction of the modern management accounting systems. Most organizations have therefore concentrated on their accounting systems with the hope of improving them by use of modern management accounting models. Modern accounting systems have played a very crucial role in organizations in that they help the managers make decisions regarding the organization. Managers are also able to set realistic strategic goals for the organization and ensure that the goals are achieved within the set timeframe by use of the modern accounting systems. Compared to the earlier days managers would set goals that would not be achieved by the organization and therefore the organization ends up spending a lot of time and resources in efforts to achieve the goals. This means that organizations are now able to use their resources and time in achievable goals and therefore they attain a competitive advantage over their rivals in the market. Issues related to planning and controls within the organization are catered for by the modern accounting systems and so the workers and the management work toward achieving a common goal for the improvement of the organization. Due to the use of modern accounting systems most organizations are getting to their full capacity levels and also enjoying an increase n their sales leading to an increase in the profits. The modern systems have also encouraged an increase in the level of automation and computerization in organizations because most of these systems require organizations to automate or computerize their operations. Automated operations have been seen to be more efficient as compared to manual operations. This is because the number of errors made in an automated system is far below the errors on a manual accounting system. An accounting system that has a lot of errors will result to errors in the whole organization which then leads to losses. Organizations that have automated their systems due to the use of modern accounting systems are more likely to expand at a higher rate as compared those operating manually. For organizations to succeed in the current competitive economic environment they have to ensure that all the necessary requirements by the law are met. One of the major reasons why organizations fail is because of increased problems with the law authorities and other tax collection authorities. The early accounting systems did not have an effective means of ensuring that the organization does not collide with the authorities. This is different with the modern accounting systems because they reduce the problems that used to exist between the organization and the authorities. An organization that has fewer problems with the authorities is able to reduce its expenses because it does not fall a victim of the fines that are put on organizations that evade tax and laws. The traditional accounting system did not give the required attention to the internal and external cost controls and so it ended up matching the expenses and the revenues of organizations in the wrong way. This wrong match led to organizations mismanagement due to wrong estimation of the revenue or the expenses. Modern accounting systems emphasize on internal and external cost controls and therefore organizations get the right match of their revenue and expenses (Brynjolfsson and Hitt, 2000). The use of modern technologies that enable organizations to collect, monitor and disseminate information has made it possible for organizations to enter into transactions with other organizations and this has ensured that organizations become more profitable. Modern accounting systems have allowed organizations to enter into successful inter organizational markets. Organizations have therefore been able to come up with joint ventures so as to be more competitive in the market and has seen organizations dominate markets hence high and continued profits. The success of joint ventures depends on the availability of information to both organizations and the modern accounting systems are a good source of information because all the information regarding the organization is stored in the systems (William, 2007). The modern accounting systems have helped organizations to plan their resources in the right way. Resource planning in organizations is very crucial since lack of planning leads to losses within the organization or the organization is unable to attain its goal. One of the major resources that the modern accounting systems have been known to plan is the human resource. An organization that adopts the modern accounting system finds it easier to manage the employee because information regarding all the employees is stored in the systems. The old accounting system did not have a way of storing all the information of the employees’ especially in large organizations and so the organizations could not achieve the best out of the employees. Those organizations that have adopted modern accounting systems are able to manage their cost more efficiently as compared to other organizations. Cost management is different from the cost accounting in that it is concerning with the management of costs whether or not those costs impact directly on the financial accounts or the inventory. Modern accounting systems simplify the cost accounting procedures and this helps the managers of organizations to effectively manage and control the costs in the organization. Organizations that achieve effective cost management have increased quality, improved overall management and a better cost. The traditional accounting systems were very complex due to the many transactions that were involved and the numerous data that had to be handled by the systems. This made them quite tedious as compared to the modern accounting systems that are easy to work with and therefore the accountants do not get exhausted when working with these systems and this ensures that they do not make errors in their work. The modern accounting systems support the management needs of the organization and therefore they are useful in making decisions regarding the pricing, marketing, design of the product and they enhance continued improvements in the operations of the organization. Organizations that have adopted the modern accounting systems have been seen to reduce their levels of inventory and this means that they invest less in inventories. The overall inventory level is reduced because the systems require the smallest quantity of inputs and materials at any time (Charles and Walter, 2007). The other major difference that the modern accounting systems have brought to the modern organizations is that there is easy access to the financial statements of the modern organizations. When an organization’s financial statements are easy to access it becomes easier for other individuals outside the organization to detect any mistakes in the statements and demand explanation. Organizations that have an easy way of accessing their financial statements will also develop a positive reputation from the general public and therefore more people will like to be associated with the organization. This means that the organization will increase its sales and consequently the profits will also go up. The organization also builds a strong relationship with the employees because they are able to access the financial statements and this helps them gauge their productivity to the organization. Accountability is a very crucial issue in the current market environment. Modern accounting systems ensure that the management of the organization is accountable for all the resources that are at their disposal. Accountability of the management has seen most of the modern organizations eliminate the issue of corruption which greatly harms the organization if it is nurtured. The stakeholders of the modern organizations have also increased their confidence in the organizations because they find it easy to access the financial statements of the organization. Organizations that have adopted the modern accounting systems are able to acquire more finances compared to others. This is because the financial institutions are able to access the financial statements of these organizations and at the same time monitor their cash flow so as to determine if the organization is able to repay the amount of money borrowed. Organizations that use the modern accounting systems have an easier system of monitoring their accounts and so the government finds it easier to work with such organizations. This means that this kind of organizations have now started receiving government support unlike in the past when it was quite difficult for the government to gain access to the financial accounts of some organizations (Brynjolfsson, and Hitt, 2000). Organizations that use the modern accounting systems are able to cut down their workforce because the systems do not require a huge labor force. This is because most of the modern accounting systems are computerized and therefore the tasks that would be done by a group of employees are carried out by a single employee with the help of a machine like a computer. The accounting information is also stored in a safe manner and this means that the information may not be tampered with. Tampering with the accounting information of an organization may result to huge losses or the organization may damage its reputation and therefore it looses its customers and employees. Service offering organizations like banks and hospitals have felt the effect of the modern accounting systems in that unlike in the past when attending to their clients was a tedious and time consuming exercise, the modern systems have made it possible for employees to attend to clients at a higher rate and effectively. This has increased the number of clients that the organizations attend to and therefore there is an increase in the profit of the organization. Currently there is uniformity in the accounts of many organizations and this has made it easier for government and the public to scrutinize the accounts unlike in the past when each organization had its own way of recording its transactions. The cost of communication and transport that organizations used to incur in the early days has been reduced by the evolution of the modern accounting systems. This is so because the systems are mostly computerized and therefore most of the transactions can be made over the internet instead of having to travel long distances. On the other hand the modern accounting systems have some disadvantages although they do not outweigh the numerous benefits to organizations. One of the major disadvantages of the modern accounting systems is that they have made many individuals lose their jobs. One example is that in the early days when all transactions had to be done on paper there were bookkeepers and other employees who were in charge of maintaining the files, these group of people lost their jobs with the evolution of the modern accounting systems. The other problem is that the modern accounting systems make use of the internet to make transactions which many see as a risky way because of the numerous internet hackers. In conclusion the current modern accounting systems have led to an improvement in the management and the productivity of most modern organizations.  Apart from improved accounting systems most organizations have had improved managerial operations derived from the modern accounting systems. The systems have made the following major differences in the modern organizations: reduced the problems of tax authorities, it is now easier to access the financial statements of most organizations, the systems provide an excellent tool for management of organizations and it is easier to report the transactions of organizations.

Research project proposal on climate change Essay

Research project proposal on climate change - Essay Example The effects on human and on earth will be also included. What causes this change will also be include in the research. A methodology will be presented to further support the studies done on this research. The focus of this research would be the cause and effect of climate change in human and in earth. This research proposal will introduce the tool to be use which is the Climate Analysis Indicator Tool. The features as well as the data and the spreadsheet included in this tool are discuss briefly below. What causes climate change Climate change are caused by the increasing human activities significantly the concentrations of some gases in the atmosphere such as greenhouse gases (GHG) mainly CO2 and anthropogenic aerosols. The GHG usually causes the earth to warm the surfaces and the anthropogenic aerosols tend to cool it. Several studies have been done to solve the problem about the greenhouse gases emission which is the main cause of climate change. Based on the Ecological Society of America (1997), the earth's atmosphere is a natural greenhouse that keeps the average global temperature around 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other trace gases in our atmosphere trap the sun's heat as it is radiated from the Earth back into space. Does Greenhouse Gas (GHG) really cause climate change Several studies have been done but there is no distinct work correlating GHG as the main cause of climate change. As an example a study done in Cyprus by cypernv.org Cyprus has a hotter, drier climate than it had a century ago. Even if the situation is not proven to be cause by man it is still serious since it may means changes in our nature. There is no such proof that the climate change is caused by human. Although, there are some studies linking human as a cause of climate change. How do climate change affects us in the near future Diseases such as malaria and dengue two vector borne infections are caused by climate change. Currently 40 - 50 % of the world population has been suffering from infectious diseases because of the climate change. Based on the present ranges, these and many other infectious diseases would tend to increase in incidence and seasonality-although regional decreases would occur in some infectious diseases. Climate change varies, every country has its own study regarding climate change and the result would be different depending on their location. For example, most Asian countries only have 2 climate (the wet and dry), their study would focus only on that 2 season. Middle East country has only 1 season and the focus of the study would be on that climate only. What will be the effects of climate change on hydrology and water resources The effects on hydrology and water resources depend on the location. The effect of climate change on streamflow and groundwater recharge varies regionally and between climate scenarios, largely following projected changes in precipitation A consistent projection across most climate change scenarios is for increases in annual mean streamflow in high latitudes and southeast Asia, and decreases in central Asia, the area around the Mediterranean, southern Africa, and Australia the amount of change, however, varies between scenarios(Climate change and Global Wa rming, 2007). The relevance of this study would help the people

Criminal Profiling Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Profiling - Coursework Example Investigators often employ the use of geographical profiling in deducing the most probable location of a given offender through investigation of various connected series of crimes. In accordance to Holmes (2009), geographical analysis can provide useful information plus strategies in the investigation of crime series. Geographical profiling often gets applied in cases like serial rape, arson, murder, bombings and robbery (Holmes, 2009). Through geographical profiling, linkage between a series of crimes could help pin point specific suspects records with similar past offences, identify similar crime scenes plus also provide substantial information regarding geographical and psychological profiling efforts (Rossmo, 1999). There are various elements that often become put in place when conducting geographical profiling. Some of them include crime location type, land use, arterial roads and highways, neighborhood demographics, physical and psychological boundaries plus displacement and ro utine activities of victims (Holmes, 2009). In relation to crime location type, one often considers encounter sites, crime site, attack site, vehicle dump site and victim disposal site (Rossmo, 1999). In regard to arterial roads and highways, most people have preferences on which roads and pathways that they take, hence perpetrators in serial crimes have certain routes which they follow to get in contact with their victims or dispose bodies (Rossmo, 1999). Displacement is also another factor crucial in geographic profiling since a given offender in this case changes his or her crime location due to some external factors like police patrol, etcetera. Some hunting patterns of certain investigators can be limited by certain physical and psychological boundaries. Example of physical boundaries involves rivers, lakes, while examples of psychological boundaries entail a different neighborhood, etcetera (Rossmo, 1999). Land use remains also beneficial in profiling criminals geographically through identifying the zones most affected, for instance, industrial, commercial, residential areas, etcetera (Holmes, 2009). One should always keep in mind the characteristics of the given neighborhood located around the crime site in terms of demographic and census data. The habits, travels and behaviors of the perpetrators also provide a critical element in geographical profiling (Rossmo, 1999). 2. Analyze and discuss the role of victimology in criminal profiling? According to Ann (2011), victimology implies the study of given victims involved in crimes. Victimology will try to identify similarities that exist between the victims involved in the given crimes so as the given profiler can identify a certain pattern used by the criminal in committing the given crimes (Turvey, 2011). In victimology, more emphasis is placed on the victim’s side in order to identify distinctive characteristics that attracted the perpetrator and try to draw a relation with the crimes on other vi ctims. Often, victimology tries to examine age, similarities in hair colour, eye colour, lifestyle, whether the victims ever met or even worked together or if shared common interests. In summing up all these information, victimologists often try to build a clear picture of the given offender (Turvey, 2011). Usually, serial crimes committed by certain given criminals often provide clues in relation to the victims affected regarding the criminals choice of victims. Hence in victimology, criminal profiling can be established via looking at the victims (Turvey, 2011). According to Turvey (2011), victimology often proves useful in criminal profiling through establishing the relationship between the victims and perpetrators. One could ask questions whether the two initially were family

Exam 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Exam 3 - Essay Example This paper will focus on two theories of organizational communication, that is The Contingency theory and the Bureaucracy theory. Joan Woodward put the contingency theory forward as part of the scientific studies of management. It states that there is no single way in which management of an organization can solve a problem. Every situation is different and therefore calls for a different approach in providing a solution. This means that an organization should be dynamic and ready to embrace changes in order to enhance its operations. These contingencies are various constraints that can be originating either internally or externally. Internal constraints originate from the organization and they include demographic constraints, traditional, output and structural contingencies. Those that are external constraints include factors from the external environment such as political factors, environmental, economic, technological, legal and socio-cultural factors. Hence, an organization’s communication strategies are dependent upon different factors. 1. The contingency theory of decision-making; this perspective explains that for one to make a decision in an organization, the decision best suites the situation if it was made through consultations and is specific to that situation. Hence emphasizes the basic argument of the contingency theory that there is no one specific way of solving matters, they are all dependent upon situations. This theory was applied in Davis Instrument Company where by the management was face by a challenge in operations. This was because it wanted to change its systems. However, there was a challenge of how this would be done in the best way possible such that the workers would be receptive about the new system. Various proposals were made on how to handle the situation and it was quite difficult to settle on one.

Analyzing witchcraft in Pre-colonial and colonial Mexico Essay

Analyzing witchcraft in Pre-colonial and colonial Mexico - Essay Example Just like the smallpox and other diseases brought by the Europeans wiped out civilizations, Catholicism eradicated the native religion of Mexico. Between 1800 and 300 BC, complex cultures flourished in Mexico. Many matured into advanced pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations such as the: Olmec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec, which thrived for nearly 4,000 years before the Europeans landed in Mexico. First the religious practices of these civilizations and the effect of European colonization on the religious practices will examined. The Europeans reaction to the rituals of these cultures need to be looked at. Finally, the persecution of natives practicing witchcraft will be analyzed. The Olmec culture, especially their religious culture, can only be interpreted by archaeological measures like the Las Limas figures. The Olmec died out before Europeans came to Mexico. Cave art, digs, and other archaeological finds have shown that the Olmec religion had priests and shamans.1 Kings and rulers had to worship or link themselves to Olmec gods to prove their right to the rule.2 One author explains, â€Å"much of the art of La Venta appears to have been dedicated to rulers who dressed as gods, or to the gods themselves†.3 Olmec art shows deities like the Feathered Serpent and the Rain Spirit were already in the Mesoamerican pantheon in Olmec times.4 The Olmec believed in multi deities and spirits. Although the Olmec culture had died out before the European Conquistadors reached Mexico, speculation can be made based upon what is known about what happened to later cultures under colonization. The Catholicism that would sweep across Mexico believed in the Trinity. Anybody worshiping any deity or god other than God the Father, Jesus, or the Holy Spirit, would be considered a witch, practicing witchcraft. Although the it can not be proven conclusively, there is indications the Olmec might have

How do uniforms affect students in public schools...help or hinder Essay

How do uniforms affect students in public schools...help or hinder - Essay Example Students benefit by a reduction in the amount of concerns they generally deal with at school, freeing their attention to concentrate more on the scholarly issues which is what they should be doing in class. There is a lengthy history uniform use in schools, mostly from the private sector until expanding more so into the public arena relatively recently. All of these factors clearly demonstrate the benefits of uniforms. The majority of the public school uniform policies include relatively common restrictions, such as khaki or navy pants and solid colored shirts with collars with the school insignia patch only, no brand name or symbol allowed. Despite the benefits of uniforms and somewhat relaxed standard of dress there remains great opposition to uniform policies by parents who misguidedly insist that uniform policies somehow limit a child’s ability to express themselves. The proposition of requiring K-12 students to wear uniforms is not a new idea. It has been utilized for mor e than a century to help promote a sense of scholastic endeavors along with respect for oneself and others within the school setting. When President Clinton said â€Å"I believe we should give strong support to school districts that decide to require young students to wear school uniforms†, his opinion was based on a history of school uniforms conveying a calming effect on students (cited in Weitzel, 2004: 10). Schools in England have employed school uniforms for years for two reasons, to keep the children of lower class households from being distinguishable from upper class children and as a badge of honor to for academic achievement. â€Å"As can be seen in the history of the school uniform, such requirements of standardized dress also include a symbolic rhetoric of legitimate authority, a reservoir of institutional and organizational values of the school, and a method of social and cultural control over cohorts of students moving through the system. Those without a unifor m would feel left out† (Brunsma, 2004: 6). By including students in a particular social group as a member of a singular identifiable student body, uniforms help to build a sense of cooperation and community among children who may not otherwise get along. Students who outgrow their uniforms can donate them to students who can’t afford them. Uniforms reduce clothing costs for all parents and are especially helpful to families on a strict budget. Studies into self-expression and fashion have shown that a direct link exists between the kind of clothing we wear and the way we feel about ourselves. â€Å"With fashion and dress adapting to represent the ever-changing self, fashion therefore serves as a vehicle for establishing identity and self-concept† (Weitzel, 2004: 12). Therefore, regardless of the kind of cloths we wear, we are making a announcement about how we wished to be perceived and what we want to be associated with. Parents often disagree with the idea of s tudent uniforms because they think this requirement prevents students from expressing themselves. It must be acknowledged that there many types of occupations that also require a uniform. â€Å"Police officers, firemen, airline employees, nurses, doctors, lawyers and all branches of the military have some form of required dress. Most of our blue collar workers are also required to wear a uniform in the performing of their jobs †¦ It makes them a part of a team that performs a certain job in a certain manner and provides for a more cohesive

Marketing Mix Strategies of Nike and Reebok in India Essay

Marketing Mix Strategies of Nike and Reebok in India - Essay Example The intention of this study is marketing mix as a very important part in crafting marketing strategy of a company. Many companies who do not focus on their marketing mix well enough face troubles. There are a lot of perils for a company that does not devise an excellent marketing mix strategy for its target customers. There are also a lot of examples of firms that despite of having a good product went out of business because their marketing mix efforts was not good. Many firms achieved great success from their average products because their marketing mix catered efficiently to the needs of the target customers. In the case of Nike and Reebok, it is also more about the marketing mix strategies of the two brands than their product offerings. Both companies were producing excellent products, but the differentiating factor between their success and failure had has been their marketing mix strategies. Reebok was a quick learner and it quickly shifted its focus on the marketing mix of its product, whereas it took several years for Nike to adjust its marketing mix in India. Indians are different from the other nations of the world, just like other nations are different from Indians, and hence every nation in the world has different preference in terms of prices they are paying for a category of product, the place they want to buy the product from, and the marketing efforts that would arouse them to make a purchase. Examining the marketing strategies of Nike and Reebok, one can see that their products are almost similar. Both businesses are in the business of producing sportswear and lifestyle product. Similarities between the two companies do not end here. Another common factor between the two giants in sportswear industry was their willingness to target the elite or premium sector of the society. Both company opposed the strategy of targeting masses and instead went for targeting the elites of the society. However, it is also very clear from the case that Nike was no t able to replicate the success of Reebok. The reasons for the failure of Nike lie more in their inefficient or flawed marketing mix strategies than their market offerings. Examining the other elements of the two marketing mix and probing the difference between the marketing mixes of Reebok and Nike brings us to the â€Å"Place† factor of the marketing mix. Place, in the marketing mix, is defined as a physical and virtual channel from which customers want to make the purchases of a product. In other words, it is the marketing channel that a company decides to use for selling its product. The major difference between the two marketing mixes here was the entry of these two companies. Reebok entered as a joint venture, whereas Nike started by acquiring a license with Sierra. Both strategies might look equally good, but there is a big flaw in the Nike’s entry strategy. First of all, most of the decisions regarding Nike’s products were taken by Sierra. It is very dif ficult to make sure that Sierra was taking the same actions as Nike wanted to take in the India market. Since Nike and Sierra are different brands having different objective incompatibility in their thinking would have existed. Sierra plans might not be compatible with Nike objectives and Sierra would have to take into account other factors before making Nike’s decision. In fact, Sierra was unable to market the product well. It was also unable to develop an efficient marketing channel like Reebok. Reebok on the other hand entered the market and made its own decisions. Hence, there was a clear sense of direction for the company regarding what it wants to achieve in the market. Reebok kept a wider distribution channel as compared to Nike. When Reebok had more than 500 outlets and 1500 distributor outlets, Nike just had 75 specialist outlets and around 200-300 distributor outlets. Hence, they were not reaching enough consumers in the Consumer Transformation Funnel. Reebok also t ook an excellent decision of marketing its products in Bata outlet and selling its produc

Uc civil engineering transfer student personal statement

Uc civil engineering transfer student - Personal Statement Example As a child I used to stand for hours at a construction site watching in awe as the workers worked in perfect harmony. There was nothing that gave me more joy than seeing a structure grow where none existed before. I therefore knew from an early age that I would like to be part of creating new structures. When I grew up a little and learnt more about different careers, I decided that I would be a civil engineer. Throughout my years in school, physics and mathematics have been my most favorite subjects and my grades in both have always been impressive. I have consistently topped my class in both for many years of my schooling. It was a trend that had continued my elementary school to high school. With time, I got to travel more and see more buildings, canals, bridges and other structures built in various designs that increased my yearning to enter into a career leading to construction. After I got access to the internet, I did comprehensive research on civil engineering and became quite knowledgeable in many topics in the subject. After I finished high school, I applied to join the (NAME COLLEGE). At first I was afraid due to notion that had been propagated into us that the course was difficult. I worked quite hard in my studies since it was a course I had passion in and I had had a good background in since I had been good in mathematics and physics. I realized that for anybody interested in civil engineering, it is not as difficult as we had been made to believe. On the contrary, I found the subjects simple, practical and enjoyable. Over the years I have had a chance to study civil engineering, I have had the opportunity to attend various consultative for a for civil engineers in which I have had the chance to interact with civil engineers and exchange ideas on further developing construction skills. These for a have left me more knowledgeable and have triggered critical thinking in me

Public Relations Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Relations Project - Essay Example is necessary to develop drug abuse prevention awareness among the use, so that students can identify the dangers and impacts of drug abuse in their health and success. As the Public Relations staffer, I was hired by a non-profit organization to develop a broad communication plan in support of working to reduce smoking, especially among high school students, through our group, Stamp Out Smoking. The development of the communication plan usually starts with the assessment of smoking and other adolescent problems, which include examining the level of community risk factors, and the level of smoking in the community (Crano & Burgoon 145). The assessment results are used to raise community awareness of the seriousness and nature of smoking problem, and this information is used to determine the best program that is relevant to the students’ needs. The next step is the analysis of the student’s readiness for prevention. This helps in identifying further steps that are required to lecture the students before the beginning of the prevention effort. The final step involves holding meetings with teachers and student representatives to help implement and maintain research-based programs (Crano & Burgoon 145). This requires resource development for management and staffing with the existing delivery systems. This plan identifies information dissemination as the most effective communication method for creating drug prevention awareness among the high school students. This approach attempts to communicate the dangers of drug abuse by using a fear-arousal technique designs to frighten individuals and attract attention in to not using drugs, including the dangerous impacts of drug abuse on an individual’s health (Crano & Burgoon 259). The information approaches involve classroom lectures about the negative impacts of smoking, including printed materials, short films, and educational pamphlets, which imparts information to the youths about the dangers of smoking. This

Global Oxygen And Carbon Cycles Essay Example for Free

Global Oxygen And Carbon Cycles Essay The global carbon cycle involves the generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the processing of oxygen (O2) during the process of metabolism. The chemical reaction involved in this process is depicted below: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ? 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) For each molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) and six molecules of oxygen (O2), six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water (H2O) are created. This reaction also involves the creation of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is the unit of measurement for energy in biological organisms. The oxygen cycle, on the other hand, is almost the same as the carbon cycle yet it follows the opposite direction, as depicted in the chemical reaction below: 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 The oxygen and carbon cycles are thus related because each of these biogeochemical cycles requires the presence of the other molecule. In the case of the global oxygen cycle, enough carbon dioxide should be available in order for plants to continuously perform photosynthesis that will generate simple sugars such as glucose and the essential atmospheric gas oxygen (Cloud and Gibor, 1970). As for the case of the carbon cycle, it is also necessary the ample oxygen gas be present at all times, which in turns originates from the oxygen cycle, in order for this cycle to proceed. Should there be a situation wherein carbon dioxide or oxygen is insufficient in the atmosphere, the other biogeochemical cycle is affected and may possibly be prevented from completing the reaction. Reference Cloud P and Gibor A (1970): The oxygen cycle. Scientific American 122:110-123.

Cells Breaks the Tor’s Anonymity: Onion Router

Cells Breaks the Tor’s Anonymity: Onion Router Ms. S.SIVARANJANI Ms. R.BACKIYALAKSHMI B.E, M.Tech., Abstract To hide the communication of users, the anonymity systems pack the application data into equal – sized cells. The size of IP packets in the Tor network can be very dynamic and the IP layer may be repack cells. A new cell-counting attack against Tor allows the attacker to confirm anonymous communication relationship among users very quickly. By varying the number of cells in the target traffic at the malicious exit onion router, the attacker can embed a secrete signal into variation of cell counter of the target traffic and it will be carried and arrive at the malicious entry onion router. Then an accomplice of the attacker will detect the signal based on received cells and confirm the communication among the users. There are several features of this attack. First, it is highly efficient and confirms very short communication session with only tens of cells. Second, this attack is effective and detection rate approaches 100% with a very low false positive rate. Third, it is possible to implement the attack in a way that appears to be very difficult for honest participants to detect. Keywords Anonymity, cell counting, mix networks, signal, Tor. INTRODUCTION Anonymity has become a necessary and legitimate aim in many applications. Here the encryption alone cannot maintain the anonymity required by users. Generally speaking, mix techniques can be used for either message-based or flow-based anonymity applications. Research on flow-based anonymity applications has recently received great attention in order to preserve anonymity in low-latency applications, including Web browsing and peer-to-peer file sharing. To degrade the anonymity service provided by anonymous communication systems, traffic analysis attacks have been used. The Existing traffic analysis attacks can be categorized into two types: passive traffic analysis and active watermarking techniques. The active watermarking technique has recently received much attention to improve the accuracy of attack. In this technique is to actively introduce special signals into the sender’s outbound traffic with the intention of recognizing the embedded signal at the receiver’s inbound traffic. The core contribution of the paper is a new cell counting based attack against Tor network. This attack confirms anonymous communication relationship among users accurately and quickly and it is difficult to detect. The attacker at the exit onion router detects the data transmitted to a destination and then determines whether the data is relay cell or control cell in Tor. After excluding control cells, manipulate the number of relay cells in the circuit queue and flushes out all cells in the circuit queue. This way the attacker can embed a signal into the variation of cell count during a short period in the target traffic. To recover the embedded signal, the attacker at the entry onion router detects and excludes the control cells, record the number of relay cells in the circuit queue and recover the embedded signal. The main features of cell-counting based attack are: (1) This attack is highly efficient and can quickly confirm very short anonymous communication sessions with tens of cells. (2) It is effective and detection rate approaches 100 % with very low false positive rate. (3) It makes difficult for others to detect the presence of the embedded signal. The Time – hopping based signal embedding technique makes the attack even harder to detect. SYSTEM ARCHITECURE There are two types of cells: Control cell and Relay cell. The CELL_CREATE or CELL_CREATED used for setting up a new circuit. CELL_DESTROY used for releasing a circuit. Relay cell is used to carry TCP stream data from client to bob. Some of the relay commands are: RELAY_COMMAND_BEGIN, RELAY_COMMAND_END, RELAY_COMMAND_ DATA, RELAY_COMMAND_SENDME, and RELAY_ COMMAND_DROP. The Onion router (OR) maintains the TLS connection to other OR. Onion proxy (OP) uses source routing and chooses several ORs from cached directory. OP establishes circuit across the Tor network and negotiates a symmetric key with each OR, one hop at a time, as well as handle TCP stream from client application. The OR on other side of circuit connects to the requested destination and relay the data. The OP will sets up TLS connection with OR1 using protocol, through this connection , OP sends CELL_CREATE cell and uses Diffie-Hellman (DH) handshake protocol to negotiate a base key k1=gxy with OR1. Form this key; a forward symmetric key kf1 and backward key kb1 are produced. This way first hop circuit C1 is created. Similarly OP extends the circuit to second and third hop. After circuit is setup, OP sends a RELAY_COMMAND_BEGIN cell to the exit onion router and cell is encrypted as {{{Begin}kf3}kf2}kf1. While the cell traverses through circuit each time the layer of onion skin are removed one by one. At last the OR3 last skin is removed by decryption then it open a TCP stream to a port at the destination IP, which belongs to bob. The OR3 sets up a TCP connection with bob and sends a RELAY_COMMAND_CONNECTED cell back to Alice’s OP. Then the client can download the file. PROCESSING CELL AT ONION ROUTER The TCP data is received by OR from port A and it is processed by TCP and TLS protocols. Then the processed data is delivered to the TLS buffer. The read event is called to read and process the data pending in the TLS buffer. This read event will pull the data from TLS buffer into the input buffer. Then the read event process cells from input buffer one by one. Each OR has routing table which maintains map from source connection and circuit ID to destination connection and circuit ID. The transmission direction of the cell can be determined by the read event. To append the cell to the destination circuit the corresponding symmetric key is used to decrypt / encrypt the payload of the cell, replace the present circuit ID with destination circuit ID. The cell can be written directly for the destination connection if there is no data waiting in output buffer and the write event is added to the event queue. After calling the write event, the data is flushed to TLS buffer of destination. Then write event pull as many cells as possible from circuit to output buffer and add write event to event queue. The next write event carry on flushing data to output buffer and pull cells to output buffer else the cell queued in circuit queue can be delivered to network via port B by calling write event twice. Fig. 2Processing the cells at Onion router CELL – COUNTING BASED ATTACK The IP packets in Tor network is very dynamic and based on this the cell – counting based attack implemented. Dynamic IP packets over Tor : The application data will be packed into equal sized cells (512-B). While the packets transmitted over the Tor network it is dynamic. Because of this reason the size of packets from sender to receiver is random over time and large numbers of packets have varied in sizes. The main reason for this is the varied performance of OR cause cells not to be promptly processed and also if network is congested, cells will not delivered on time, because of this the cell will merge and non-MTU(Maximum Transmission Unit) sized packets will show up. Work-flow of Cell – Counting based attack: Step 1: SELECTING THE TARGET :- The attacker log the information at the exit OR, including the server host IP address and port for a circuit and circuit ID and uses CELL – RELAY-DATA to transmit the data stream. Step 2: ENCODING THE SIGNAL :- Until the write event is called the CELL – RELAY – DATA will be waited in the circuit queue. After the write event is called then the cells are flushed into output buffer. Hence the attacker can manipulate the number of cells flushed to the output buffer all together. This way the attacker can able to embed the secret signal. To encode bit 1, the attacker can flushes three cells from circuit queue and for bit 0, flushes one cell from circuit queue. Step 3: RECORDING PACKETS :- After the signal is embedded in the target traffic it will be transmitted to the entry OR along with target traffic. The attacker at the entry OR will record the received cells and related information and need to determine whether the received cells are CELL – RELAY – DATA cells. Step 4: RECOGNIZING THE EMBEDDED SIGNAL :- The attacker enters the phase of recognizing the embedded signal with the recorded cells. For this used the recovery mechanisms. Once the original signal is identified the attacker can link the communication between Alice and Bob. There are two critical issues related to attack: (1) Encoding signals at exit OR: Two cells are not enough to encode â€Å"1† bit. Because if the attacker uses two cells to encode bit â€Å"1† then it will be easily distorted over network and also hard to recover. When the two cells arrive at the input buffer at the middle OR, the first cell will be pulled into circuit queue and then if the output buffer is empty, the first cell will be flushed into it. Then the second cell will be pulled to the circuit queue. Since the output buffer is not empty, the second cell stays in the circuit queue. When the write event is called, the first cell will be delivered to the network, while the second cell written to the output buffer and wait for the next write event. Consequently, two originally combined cells will be split into two separate cells at the middle router. So the attacker at the entry OR will observe two separate cells arriving at the circuit queue. This cells will be d ecoded as two â€Å"0† bits, leading the attacker to a wrong detection of the signal. To deal with this issue the attacker should choose at least three cells for carrying bit â€Å"1†. For transmitting cells, proper delay interval should be selected: If the delay interval among the cells is too large, users are not able to tolerate the slow traffic and to transmit the data will choose another circuit. When this condition happens the attack will fail. And if the delay interval is too small, then it will increase the chance that cells may combined at middle OR. (2) Decoding signals at the entry OR: Distortion of signal: Anyway the combination and division of the cells will happen due to unpredictable network delay and congestion. This will cause the embedded signal to be distorted and the probability of recognizing the embedded signal will be reduced. Because of this distortion of the signal, a recovery mechanism can be used, that recognize the embedded signal. The combination and division of cell can be categorized into four types: (1) Two types of the cell division for the unit of the signal and (2) Two types of the cell combination for different units of signal. To deal with these types of division and combination types of the cells the recovery algorithm can be used. If the number of cells recorded in the circuit queue is smaller than the number of the original signal are recovered as either two types of cell division for the unit of the signal. Suppose the number of cells recorded in the circuit queue is larger than the number of cells for carrying the signal; the recovered signal will be either two of the cell combination for different units of signal. When the signals are recovered in these types with k ≠¤ 2, can consider that these signals are successfully identified otherwise cannot be identified. Attack Delectability: To improve the attack invisibility can adopt the time-hopping-based signal embedding technique, which can reduce the probability of interception and recognition. The principle of this technique is, there exit random intervals between signal bits. At the exit OR, the duration of those intervals are varied according to a pseudorandom control code which is known to only the attackers. To recover this signal, the attacker at the entry OR can use the same secret control code to position the signal bits and recover the whole signal. If the interval between the bits is large enough, the inserted signal bits appear sparse within the target traffic and it is difficult to determine whether groups of cells are caused by network dynamics or intention. Therefore the secret signal embedded into the target traffic is no different than the noise. And when a malicious entry node has confirmed the communication relationship, it can separate the group of cells by adding delay betw een the cells so that not even the client can observe the embedded signal. In this paper a signal is embedded into the target traffic, which implies a secrete sequence of groups of one and three cells. With the time-hopping technique, groups of one and three cells are separated by random intervals and it is hard to differentiate them from those caused by network dynamics and since the embedded signal is very short and only known to attacker, can conclude that it is very difficult to distinguish traffic with embedded signals from normal traffic based on this very short secret sequence of cell groups. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In this paper, we presented a cell-counting based attack against Tor network. This can confirm the anonymous communication among the user quickly and accurately and it is very difficult to detect. The attacker at the exit OR manipulates the transmission of cells from the target TCP stream and embeds a secret signal into the cell counter variation of the TCP stream. Then the attacker at the entry OR recognizes the embedded signal using developed recovery algorithms and links the communication relationship among the users. In this attack the detection rate is monotonously increasing function with the delay interval and decreasing function of the variance of one way transmission delay along a circuit. This attack could drastically and quickly degrade the anonymity service that Tor provides. Due to the fundamental design of the Tor network, defending against this attack remains a very challenging task that we will investigate in future work. REFERENCES [1] W. Yu, X. Fu, S. Graham, D. Xuan, and W. Zhao, â€Å"DSSS-based à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow marking technique for invisible traceback,† in Proc. IEEE SP,May 2007, pp. 18–32. [2] N. B. Amir Houmansadr and N. Kiyavash, â€Å"RAINBOW: A robust and invisible non-blind watermark for network à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows,† in Proc.16thNDSS, Feb. 2009, pp. 1–13. [3] V. Shmatikov and M.-H. Wang, â€Å"Timing analysis in low-latency MIX networks: Attacks and defenses,† in Proc. ESORICS, 2006, pp. 18–31. [4] V. Fusenig, E. Staab, U. Sorger, and T. Engel, â€Å"Slotted packet counting attacks on anonymity protocols,† in Proc. AISC, 2009, pp. 53–60. [5] X. Wang, S. Chen, and S. Jajodia, â€Å"Tracking anonymous peer-to-peer VoIP calls on the internet,† in Proc. 12th ACM CCS, Nov. 2005, pp.81–91. [6] K. Bauer, D. McCoy, D. Grunwald, T. Kohno, and D. Sicker, â€Å"Lowresource routing attacks against anonymous systems,† Univ. Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, Tech. Rep., Aug. 2007. [7] X. Fu, Z. Ling, J. Luo, W. Yu, W. Jia, and W. Zhao, â€Å"One cell is enough to break Tor’s anonymity,† in Proc. Black Hat DC,Feb.2009[Online]. Available: http://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-dc-09/Fu/ BlackHat-DC-09-Fu-Break-Tors-Anonymity.pdf [8] R. Dingledine, N. Mathewson, and P. Syverson, â€Å"Tor: Anonymity online,† 2008 [Online]. Available: http://tor.eff.org/index.html.en [9] R. Dingledine and N. Mathewson, â€Å"Tor protocol specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cation,†2008 [Online]. Available: https://gitweb.torproject.org/torspec.git?a=blob_plain;hb=HEAD;f=tor-spec.txt [10] J. Reardon, â€Å"Improving Tor using a TCP-over-DTLS tunnel,† Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, Sep. 2008. Project management example: The London Eye Project management example: The London Eye Introduction Generally, the definitions of project management have diversities, but in commonly project management is used to accomplish business ambition, strategies and well-defined work tasks within a certain schedule and limit budget (Sabin, 2006). The project management required skill, experience, processes, methods and knowledge in order to complete the objectives of the project (Association for Project Management, 2014). Most strategists succeed in these days with high competitive and fusing global economy are mostly using the project management techniques to deliver substantial quality of business results within limited time and budget (Project Management Institute, 2014). Jamieson Morris (2004) support that project management is a key factor in business process. Even in many definitions of project management, the fundamental is about attaining the jobs done. The London Eye is the huge project that was designed by architectures David Marks and Julia Barfield, its purpose to represent modern architectural design and engineering of the first of the millennium century (Tim and Ian, 2000). The London eye was the tallest Ferris wheel in the world by height 135 meters, after success, with Star of Nanchang in 2006, Singapore Flyer in 2008 and High Roller in 2014 in order. The construction of London Eye used 16 months to finish in order to celebrated of the year 2000, London Eye also knows as the Millennium Wheel. In the first year of operation, number of visitors approximately was 3.2 millions, hence this becomes more popular of attracting visitors in the United Kingdom. The production cost of the London Eye is 75 million pounds and took 50 percent of time less than normal to finish the project (Marks Barfield, 2014). This makes London Eye is one of the most interested project to measure and examined in the process of project management. A project must have three variables that can estimate certain time of the project, limited by budget and meet quality requirement (Lester, 2007). Characteristics in process of construction London Eye can be evaluated as the project, because of the constrains from budget and time, no repetition of construction, requirement of a variety of skill and experience expertise involve. From all of these characteristics summarize that the London Eye is classified as a project. The scope of this paper study is to investigate two aspects, which are stakeholders management, project planning and scheduling that make London Eye become a successful project. However, it is essentially that we have to understand the background of the project first, in order to understand the process. London Eye’s Characteristics Since 2000, the London Eye has become one of the iconic landmarks of London. The concept of London Eyes was introduced in 1993 by the architecture name Marks Barfield. His design of Ferris wheel submitted to the Architecture Foundation competition in order to build to celebrate the millennium year. In 1994, British Airways interest to become a sponsor of the project. In 1996, the permission of the project was successfully made by the agreement of shareholders as the result, Tussauds Group was joined as the last partner. The London Eye was constructed before the year 2000 only 16 months (The British Broadcasting Corporation, 2005). More that 5 different oversea companies worked to build London Eyes and it took 7 years till it was open. The formal opening ceremony on 31, December 1991 and follow by public open on 9, March 2000. The Iron Triangle Figure1: Iron triangle of London Eye project The Iron Triangle is the traditional technique for evaluating project performance, which have three variables; time, cost and scope that try to balance each others (Atkinson, 1999; Gardiner and Stewart, 2000). If one of the three variables is changed, it will affect one of the others too. For example; if stakeholders want less time of construction, they need to increase the budget or reduce the scope (Gregory, 2006). In (Figure1) shows The Iron Triangle of London Eye project follow by time, cost and scope. The London Eye used only 16 months in order to finish the construction process, in order to celebrate millennium century, that is 50 percent less than normal process. The cost of construction of London Eye was 75 million pounds higher than average cost of normal construction. But the cost of building was not issued to be a problem because the main purpose of this is to open on time and to be the biggest Ferris wheel in the world (London Eye, 2014). To understand the key elements of project management, such as stakeholders management, project planning and scheduling which are the factors to push the London Eye finished on time. The Author will illustrate and explain two of variables in further. Stakeholders Management According to, Freeman and Reed (1983) has given a definition of stakeholder is someone that â€Å"can affect the achievement of an organizations objectives or is affected by the achievement of an organization’s objectives†. Bourne and Walker (2004) suggest that even a project manager was able to deliver the project with the original scope, cost and time, but without the attention of stockholders, a project might probably not be able to success. The conflict in stakeholders must be managed, because it might lead to projects fail (Bourne and Walker, 2005). A stakeholder can be any individual, institution or organization that involves the interaction with the project or business. The stakeholder might effect from project, both direct and indirect, and can be occasional or ordinary contact with the project (Paul, 2013). Identify who are the stakeholders and understand the role of them must be done. London Eye project have many stakeholders who are investing in the project. But the key stakeholders of the project, who have the potential to support and facilitate the project can clearly identify. David Marks and Julia Barfield, who invented the idea of the wheel in 1990 were a press campaign to support the concept. Bob Ayling, Chief Executive of British Airway in that period offered financial and corporate support to this project. In 1997, Tussauds Group was brought into the position of the operator. The London Eye Company Limited, were owned by three owner separate in equal shard. David Marks and Julia Barfield owned one third, The Tussauds Group also owned one third and lastly one third owned by British Airways, who was the leading support during the development phase. Government didn’t support the project, except the construction of new pier, in purpose to protect collision of the wheel. For financing purpose of the London Eye project was provided by Sumitomo Bank and Westdeutsche Landesbank (Tim and Ian, 2000). Mace is the UK’s leading company on the project management, as appointed to be Project Managers in 1998. Seven groups of contractors were chosen to project, they were responsible for building and design as follows: Tilbury Douglas Construction Ltd for Foundations, Civil works and Pier structure, Hollandia BV for Wheel Structure, Pomagalski SA for Capsules and Controls, T Clarke PLC for Electrical Installations, Littlehampton Welding Limited for Boarding Platform and Pier Finishes, Waterers Landscape PLC for Landscaping and Alandale Construction Limited for County Hall Fit-Out (Tim and Ian, 2000). From this we can identify stakeholder as two types; internal stakeholders and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholder can be people who involve in part of the business for example; shareholders, managers and employees. External stakeholders are the people who outside the business such as customers, local community, suppliers, press and government (The British Broadcasting Corporation, 2014). Figure2: Stakeholders Web and Internal External Stakeholder From the figure2 above, researcher attempt to explain the understanding of the internal and external stakeholders of The London Eye by using The Stakeholder Web describe. From internal stakeholders, Shareholders can be British Airways, David Marks Julia Barfield and Tussaudes Group that interested in dividends and growth of shares. Managers and employees are interested in salaries and job security. From external stakeholders, suppliers concerned in delivering services and finished project on time. Government, Tourists, Londoner and also including people around the South Bank area are impacted from the project such as the project might effects to new businesses that can take benefits from London Eye such as bars and restaurants. Traffic around the London Eye maybe influenced because increasing of tourists. All of these influencers can become stakeholders of the project. Stakeholders have different of interests, to manage this conflict it’s necessary to understand the types of stakeholders and what can influence their behavior. By classifying the different groups of stakeholders, using stakeholder power and interest matrix, to organize based on the level of power and interest. Stakeholder classification of power and interest matrix map will make groups of stakeholders easier to understand. Stakeholders can be classified in two big dimensions, of power and interest (Newcombe, 2003; Johnson and Scholes, 1993). The basic concept is who have high power and high interest will be the key players and also need to manage it. Figure3: London Eye stakeholder power and interest matrix From the figure 3 shows that London Eye project stakeholders were classified by level of interest and power. The key players in this case can be British Airway who is supporting the financial and able to control the project. Bank and financial institutions such as Sumitomo Bank and Westdeutsche Landesbank, that provided financial loan. Press and local community didn’t have power, but the project directly effects to their living or career. Same as the government, they didn’t provide the financial support but able to collect taxes from the project. Customers and Londoner can be in the group of minimal effort. The success of The London Eye project definitely involved with the stakeholder management. The well understanding in position and its roll are significant to make this project completed. However, it is not only stakeholder management, variable that leads to the success of the project. Many factors that involved included planning and scheduling of the project also are the important variables. Project Planning and Scheduling Project management planning is one of the important variables that required lists of time, quality and cost. Project management planning depends on types and sizes of project (Lester, 2007). The role of project management can separate into three main areas; 1) It can handle the operational requirement to meet the customer satisfaction, 2) The project must be completed on time and 3) Control and delivery the job on the previous set of constrains budget. Good project planning will lead to success according to these three goals. For more understanding of London Eye planning, researchers will apply Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is the technique for controlling and planning project. Secondly Gantt chart technique will also use to explain in this project. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) To organize the structure of the project, Work Breaking Structure assists the work process. It is similar to the outline of the book or report. WBS is the brief version of work structure that help to perform and focus on plan, track and evaluate of the project (Gregory, 2006). According to the diagram, it consists of three benefits of using WBS, First, WBS are easier to evaluate the cost and time of work. Second, it is easy to break down the work into the small tasks and makes it easier to measure the progress. Third, it eases the separation of the tasks into the team member. Moreover, WBS contains two kinds of tasks: the summary tasks and the work packages. Summer tasks will describe each of the processes in the project, for the work packages describe as the lowest level task that required details to complete. From the figure4 shows The London Eye’s Work Breakdown Structure. WBS identifies the work that should be done, based on researcher’s understanding and assuming. The summary tasks can be divided up to four main tasks; safety, stakeholders (internal and external), physical and organizational. Moreover there are more subordinate level breakdown into each main tasks. For example, in physical tasks and the construction of wheel, capsules and foundation can be described as the lower level task of each level. The Gantt chart The Gantt chart was developed during the World War I invented by Henry Laurence Gantt. The Gantt chart uses to identify the necessary steps to obtain a result of work. The process of doing Gantt chart is worked by projecting schedule, follow step by step, from the final result, analyst activities, timing of process and sequence of tasks (Gregory, 2006). The chart can used to compare the estimated time of the project before, start with initial time on the actual time that really spent. Furthermore, Gantt chart can apply to every project, both in big project and small project. For example, building a factory, making a cup of glass or producing a musical. Figure5: London Eye’s Gantt chart From the figure5 shows The London Eye’s Gantt chart. The researcher is using information from the previous research and available documents to create this Gantt chart (The British Broadcasting Corporation, 2005; Tim and Ian, 2000). From this chart can see that London Eye project used approximately 7 years of planning, finding sponsors, get permits and construction. The London Eye can be estimated as the long project in-term of planning, but comparing to the time on construction is apparently very short compared to this kind of the project. Conclusion of the project The London Eye is one of the most successful projects in many aspects. It’s also one of the most successful in architect design of 21st century. The components of London Eye must be assembled above The Thames River that required high technology to handle the project. The original plan of London Eye was planned to be completed the construction in 2 years, but in, finally it used only 16 months to finish the project. If according to, The Iron Triangle theory said that if one of the three variables was changed, it will affect one of the others too. London was used the budget around 75 million pounds to build, but the project’s time construction is faster than expected and the scope has not changed. Unfortunately, components of London Eyes have to ship up and assemble in the Thames River this made it harder to deliver projects on time (Tim and Ian, 2000). The London Eye is not the ordinary project for both suppliers and project management team. To be able to finish on deadline, all around the prost have to be given to everyone who was a part in this project. Shareholders and investors of the project must spend huge money in order to justify risk of the project. For example, if poor quality and not finished on time happened, this implies that the cost of the project may not be the first priority of concern. Therefore, the time and scope or quality must be the first and second priority of the scope in the project. Mace construction that was controlling the project management team of London Eye should be accredited for the achievement and deliver project before deadline. But if they can decrease time for searching operators and suppliers, it could save the cost of the production because time of construction can reduce cost of production. From the stakeholder management perspectives, it illustrates the conflict of interest in shareholders, as the factor of â€Å"Time† had become a conflict among them. However, British Airway as a big shareholder that support financial fund during the construction had burden the high cost of production and risk. But in terms of marketing, British Airway can promote and impose the branding under the sponsorship deal. British Airway also improves brand image by using London Eye as the presenter of their brand. Recommendation of the project Researcher found that from this paper, it helps to understand theories and concept of project management, which make it easier to manage and deal with the project. The fundamentals of controlling cost, deliver on time and satisfaction in quality are significantly important. Not only the stakeholder management and project planning and scheduling will lead to the success of the project. But risk management, uncertainty management, resource management, scope management and other management aspects should be concerned as part of the success factors in project management. Other aspects of business should be considered as important as project management such as financial, human resource management and costumer relationship management. The London Eye project was won over 25 awards for engineering tourism, innovation and design including; 2003 Queen’s Award for Enterprise Innovation Furthermore, the project can make huge profits from the first few months of opening and had recovered the cost (London Eye, 2014). From this show that minimize cost is not always important for business but deliver customer expectation and requirement sometime is more important. The main problem of this project is about lack of managing for future that effects to cost which increases more that it should be. The project manager should concern this point because when one varies in cost, time and quality of project, it will always affect one the others as a whole. 1

Concept of Drawing as a Medium

Concept of Drawing as a Medium This essay will address the subject of drawing. The main starting point will be the ideas of John Berger on Drawing. These ideas can be summed up into three main concepts: Drawing as observation, drawing as memory and drawing as expressing ideas. Although drawing from observation was of fundamental importance in the past today we see more and more an engagement of drawing with memory and as expression of ideas. This doesnt mean that people dont deal with observational drawing, it means that its practice as it was in the past has become obsolete in the sense of drawing is a starting point as study for a final painting. The introduction of photography and the end of old art academies accelerated this change. This essay will deal mainly with drawing as memory and drawing as ideas. It will first look at artists who use drawing in a more conventional way for ideas and memory. Then it will move on to consider artists who challenge the medium itself (pencil, paper and so on) to push the ide a of drawing to express drawing as memory and drawing as observation. The essay will discuss the distinctions between painting, sculpture and performance as a way of discovering the possibilities of drawing and also to discuss the new expectations of drawing as a medium. The art practice of drawing in the late twentieth century has achieved the status of art in its own right. The approach to drawing is also changing in ways that reflect trends within the art world at large. Many artworks in association with drawing challenge traditional boundaries among media. Secondly, there is self-consciousness about the nature of art and what is involved in the creation of art. I see drawing now at a primarily end of its tradition it can be argued that it no longer stands as drawing to represent. It seems that we are on the verge of anther paradigm shift in drawing, now reflecting an altered view of its nature as a skilled activity, what we now perceive as drawing has been obliterated. By this I mean change for instance, Rauschenbergs Erased De Kooning, an example of change by removal of the drawing. Rauschenberg proved to be going backwards in drawing traditions. The drawing was there and now it is not. This was a kind of rebellion going against traditions, alth ough the drawing may have gone backwards drawing was to go forwards i.e., modernism. The process of change will be discussed. Drawing is discovery John Berger, Berger on drawing, had enabled me to begin research and analyse in depth both the physical and the metaphysical act of drawing. What we draw is not only the subject observed but also what we already know about it. In fact the past experience of the subject affects the way we draw it. Berger further raises the point that will be discussed in this essay; the differences between the actions of drawing and painting. According to Berger the audience can identify with the subject illustrated when confronted with a painting. I will attempt to establish a dialogue on the possibilities of drawing with reference to artistic process. Firstly I will analyse the work of Jackson Pollock as a link to contemporary practice. I have also found it important to research literary theory on the grounds of the process of mark making and the social connotations it has created. The reading of Berger on drawing helped me to begin thinking about some key terms such as drawing as memory, drawing as a way to express or show forth ideas and drawing as observation. It was useful to reflect on the idea of truth in drawing. How truthful can we be when we draw? Do we draw what we see or what we know? Can we overcome our set knowledge of things? I will try to find out more about these issues studying the work of other artists. Artists such as Jackson Pollock, CY Twombly, Susan Collis, Louise Bourgeois and Yves Klein whom will be discussed in this essay distinguish their mark making to be somewhat unknown and less predictable. Their works all would free all external impurities. This essay will examine a process of where drawing stands to date in relation to the past. It seems that drawing is everything it is not just the stimulators of the pencil it is in fact the motif and creation of exploring possibilities within the concept. I want to question that without these familiarities then what is known, as drawing could never have happened. Drawing is a continuous action, commonly known as the before of something. Now drawing is the beginning and the end of concepts. Drawing, when perceived as truth or good is the act of line. This is the common factor that persuades all subject matter to fall in the same category as writing, in the relation to text and image. Conversely, bad drawing is lining by the means of lines, a fact lamentably patent in things as widely divergent. This point permits me to repeat that drawing specifically means to visualize ideas by means of lines. Drawing is discovery; drawing is a way of seeing what is hiding under the surface. If the artist observes what is in front of him then dissects in his minds eye this demonstrates that the artist relies on memory and past observations to draw the subject before him rather than simply examining what lies before him. What we draw is not only the subject observed but must also be what we already know about it. It is the difference between the actions of drawing and painting that need to be explored further, for instance in abstract expressionism the line between subject and artist is subtle in distinction whereas Yves Klein paints with a figure, which will expose the difference in this relation. Drawing into painting chapter One (a discussion with chosen material)and chance There are distinctions between drawing and painting. It seems this became irretrievably blurred when Jackson Pollock started to paint with line in the late 1940S. Bernice rose has stated in the writings of his work that, perhaps, then it would be more precise to say that there is no real dividing line between painting and drawing in his work. Perhaps there is no divide between painting and drawing? The same is being made, the mark or as discussed the line is only been made larger and the feeling is now more intense. Pollock erased the distinctions then pertaining between drawings as a discipline. Referring to Cy Twombly cycles and seasons, reading paragraph, coincidence where Shiff talks about the pencil line as something that is happening, this means that the line is not there to describe or configure things with a narrative aim, i.e. The line is not meant to represent objects belonging to the world. The line is not linked to the act of seeing with Pollock. The line is linked to the act of investigation and drawing as idea and memory. As Pollock would push the boundaries between drawing and painting thus drawing becomes painting and vice versa. Therefore drawing loses its dependence on painting. Twombly would repeat what Pollock had started. Their work both suggests internal feelings and relate in a much deeper way to merely observation. From memory they would represent their emotions going against the conventions of traditional drawing. The line represents and describes feelings and emotions, which seems a constant flux of things that can happen at the same time. Using Twombly as a reference once again, what appears really interesting to me is the constant change in both of their works: lines are constantly erased, changed, redrawn and re-erased. Furthermore it seems to me that the past and the present are a constant dialogue. As Pollock immediately pours the paint medium onto the canvas the expression is different. The raw emotional expression allowed the drawing to become much more complex and indeed most energetic. Now, the conventional sense in his paintings is that they generally neutralize the distinction between figure and ground, a factor closely allied with the theory of the all-over. Because the image evinces no definite form but only a compact, restless texture that appears to continually advance and recede and allows the eye no point of rest, is banal.It remained, however, for Pollock to move from this to a full recognition of pictorial identity of drawing and painting. Furthermore, in his work the effort to bring painted effects into balance with those obtainable in drawings vanishes as both materials of ink and oiled pigment would operate from the same overall conception. The conception that would see the blank paper and the indrawn canvas as comparable visual fields. The aura of drawing surrounding the act of painting almost denies any difference. Looking at Pollocks earlier works contains numerous indicators of the great significance that Picassos work held for Pollock. Looking again at drawing as memory or past knowledge Picasso arouses the interest with themes of sex, beauty and young woman but also reference to the old masters in his work. In the words of Jeffery Hoffeld Picasso displays a panorama of works from the history of his own art. The Title links in with Pollocks idea of drawing as an element of memory but also through drawing as past experiences or past knowledge of a specific subject. Significance in style and development evokes the condition of drawing. The intensity of Pollocks Paintings had clearly evolved through his act of drawing, drawing from an idea in his head, creates this impulsive drawing performancei.e the body moves with every drip and every mark to be made, as though the artist would walk with the drawing he would be come part of the work. This drawing is enriched with energy and feeling that could be connected into painting almost immediately. The line scratches through the figures, the impulsive brush over of marks, and gradually discovers beneath the network of strokes a circular shadow that seems to hover in the pictorial space and yet create depth. The beholder has a sense of a hallucination. Walter Benjamin has suggested that when a drawing entirely uses or covers its supporting ground it can no longer be called a drawing. This can be added to define the characteristics of the overworked nature in his work. This definition to me seems unfair to say it is that act of drawing that relates to figure and ground what becomes of the image is unknown. If we extend the list of artists that have used a similar approach to painting and drawing that like wise experimental dripping, such as Susan Collis an artist who also experiments with accidental drips, attaches to the technique as such. Collis work would seem like careless splashes and stains upon the surface, however with careful inspection these marks would heighten the idea to mislead the viewer as these are counterfeit marks playing with our reactions and our understanding with mark making. For instance, Susan Collis, No. 2(In series), 2004, red glitter and self adhesive Vinyl are an example of the process of replacing the original mark with her own. To live is to leave traces This misleading conception that their may have never been an object or a sheet of paper there, is an argument to raise the point that drawing has been extended it has worked its way of the surface and onto a new. Furthermore, Collis works with marks left by things, the incidental and transient and lending their permanence. No matter what point we might eventually select the fundamental function of Collis work allows us to rethink past experiences in Art history and the change within art concepts. Subject is defined with false conceptions playing on the idea of what is and was may not be reality. Referring back to what Berger has said; drawing from memory , this can relate with the work of Susan Collis as the traces are of objects that where once there she has celebrated the idea of memory, drawing from her memory as a way to discover the past in relation to the present. If confronted by something that has no form, no language, or no place, a familiar analogue steps in; we use one thi ng to describe another.When the artist has no words to describe something drawing can define these lost words both the real and the unreal in visual terms. Gestures of freedom For instance, CY Twombly pushes the limits of drawing and painting with words; it is very hard to classify his work either as painting or drawing. Illustrious and Unknown is what Degas aspired to be, and what Cy Twombly has become. The boundary between drawing and painting becomes blurred into his practice as an artist. Playing on the tension between drawing and painting, Twombly was able to question and redefine what drawing is or what it can be. For instance this challenge to drawing can be seen in his experiments to drawing in the dark. In this way he denies the old principle of drawing that is drawing from observation since the act of looking is invalidated in darkness. This can question; how can the values of drawings be recognized as having reflected changes in the material conditions and technology of drawing?The condition of materials being as much unknown in the dark as his mark analysiss an exciting process with discovering his material. With these examples there is a chang e within how art can be made; Art can be made of anything firmly established, as they would work with a range of materials simultaneously. The dictionary definition of drawing suggests that it is inextricably linked with line. Its clear that drawing and painting both exist simarily in the same worlds, what I distinguish between both of them is the order of similar motifs. These artists discussed so far all relate to drawing as memory and drawing as ideas. After the breakdown of modernism, artist became less concerned with any specific properties with their chosen medium, instead selecting the medium for its compatibility with their particular thesis or proposition. There is and order to maximise the formal potential of their chosen material. We only have to study the work of Marlene Dumas to gain an understanding of the relationship drawing has to painting. Drawing is a vital part of Marlene Dumas oeuvre; by drawing with the line tools of painting her works on paper and the oil paintings echo each other. This is an opportunity to once again blow up the image as said. In this case drawing is a way of getting to understand the image, I use second hand images and first hand emotions. Her paintings differ from her contemporaries who during the 1980s revisited the figure in neo-expressionist work that favoured intoxicating colour. Dumas uses paint as a subversive, anti- conventional means of expression and the figure as a vehicle for achieving these ends. The image is created with the feeling of expressing ideas. She is an artist who works with memory and ideas to work out a dialogue with mark making and story telling. Her paintings become drawings and her drawings become paintings. These paintings make similar marks to a single line in the association with drawing. It is not drawing of an outline as the single brushstrokes acts as a drawing and a painting at the same time. Her materials that she uses obscure new possibilities and meaning the paint, the lines, the ink the drawingThus demonstrating that the line is of importance in both relationships of painting and drawing. The pre-knowledge of her feelings, memories, ideas and associations with the image revert back to the impulsive line. Her direct approach shows the power of the image, which is informed by the immediate gesture of the drawing. The tension that has seemingly been created in the image, we can recognise what is depicted and yet we are not entirely sure about its meaning. As the viewer we are compelled by the poetic nature in movements throughout the image. Other important key terms for the possibilities of drawing are: chance and the relationship child -like/childish drawing. There is an element of chance and randomness in Dumas work, also referring back to Twomblys drawings he too works with the same ideas of chance. As for the relationship child like/childish, Twomblys drawings fall into the first category. In fact as much as one tries to regain the innocent eye of the child one will never succeed because he/she is not a child anymore. In a sense this reminder me of Picassos mission in art as well, i.e. to regain playfulness in the act of drawing. In fact a child is able to create without the concern and the clichà ©s the adult artist is concerned with. It is the coloured pencil drawings of Cy Twombly that the line wonders off back and forth in the distance charming the viewer as the marks turn discreet. We can also see this parallel shift from drawing possibilities with materials into painting in the works of Louise Hopkins. Hopkins work hovers on the boundary between drawing and painting. She is and artist whom describes she will paint rather than being a specified painter. Hopkins delicate approach rejects the traditions to picture making. The result is certainly a drawing in purely technical terms, but at the same time it may represent the drastic function of line, her process of change and use of line is meticulously, one stroke at a time. She never starts with a blank canvas. That fear of being confronted with a problem before the image becomes part of the context. For example, in Untitled (the of the) 2002 Hopkins has taken a broadsheet newspaper and drawn over every single key word and image, leaving behind only the connecting words.The words then become isolated and immediately transformed into a new context. This wonderful image has the feeling of a night sky with nothing b ut stars connect with. However maintains its aim with undeniable pattern, rhythm and form. Hopkins ground has been inked out; leaving behind its signifiers, the notes, which are there, but the song has been interrupted with this blocking out technique, which seems a repetitive process. White black black white explains in its title the process of repetition; Hopkins repeats her actions on the surface developing its contrasts and rhythm. This process has created a different kind of rhythm, played out but the white circles and lines framing the musical notation. This seemingly repetitive action is merely Hopkins aesthetic decision to highlight specific points within the page and thereby compose her personal and original tune. This method appears once said painting and drawing in reverse. The existing material and images are systematically covered up. What is interesting in this work is the idea of a memory the surface is a memory, and is yet to be vanished. The more ink that is added the less information she maintains of its originality. Once again this process of change rela tes to drawing as ideas and drawing as memory, Hopkins time consuming change to the image represents the processes within drawing. As disused in Hopkins work there is congruence here with Robert Rauschenberg drawing Erased de Kooning, 1953. Here the drawing has been removed as part of the progression of drawing. There is a clear conceptual starting point here with both artists. Once again this relates to memory. The initial image has been completely removed; however it is still obvious of its existence. Drawings are often created and removed by the lack of success in the drawing. This process of change is clear. The existence of the drawing has shifted from being obvious to then becoming unsure. From the title of the work we cant help but imagine what was. In relation to Hopkins work both artists are drawing attention to what they are taken away, creating possibilities for stereotypical images. There is significance in drawing then to painting or to be known in some sense the painting is once again the drawing. Although we would not understand that this was once a drawing, the title allows an understanding -Text and Image. The text and image represent a personal commentary on concerns that shape much recent art. Drawing into Sculpture chapter Two memories Drawings is analytical but its also expressive in its own right, it has duty to bear witness, nit simply by making a representation of something, but taking things apart and reassembling in a way that makes new connections, it is entirely experimental- Antony Gormley This chapter will discuss sculpture and drawing as a way to discover ideas. Joseph Beuys would have had false conceptions running through his mind if he hadnt made drawingsDrawing in this case would relate to drawing as expressing ideas. Drawing in these key terms would exist differently in real space than a sketched or painted one. With the situation of postmodernism, practice is not defined in relation to the given medium-sculpture- but rather in relation to the logical operations on a set of cultural terms for which any medium -photography, books, lines on wall, mirrors, or sculpture itself might be used. Thus the field provides both for an expanded but finite set of related positions for a given artist to occupy and explore The sculptural work is physically present and the space it exists in identical with real space. Drawing and painting for example tell stories, stories from the artist and stories that we are allowed to fabricate. Whether reality and fiction are allowed to be classified drawing does however extend into those dream dimensions that seem unattainable for sculpture.The drawing as known is not dedicated to any kind of medium, after the breakdown of modernism it seemed that artist became less concerned with the properties of a specific medium. Indeed artist would go against convention. As Stuart Morgan comments on Louise Bourgeois work, For an artist with no fixed style or material or medium, only the rule seems to apply and that there are no rules. No rules at least, which cannot be broken. Despite all gloomy prognoses of the end of freehand drawing, the strengths of drawing- being able to develop, test, and vary and idea with the greatest possible freedom and with an individual touch- have yet been obtained. When I think of Auguste Rodin this prognosis allows me to point out that Rodin thus falls into another category outlined by Berger, in this case drawing from observation and not memory. Rodins important synthesis defined the importance of the body in order to bring out purity. The artists drawing fall under different categories: drawings as preparations for sculptures; drawings as observational exercises per se and drawings from imagination. His approach to drawing as a sculpture, in his black drawings is visible in Rodin use of three dimensionality achieved by the use of chiaroscuro. It is interesting to find Rodin an artist from a traditional period within art, however Rodin felt it was necessary to go back to observation as his drawings became unknown. I realis ed my drawings where too divorced from reality, I started all over again, and worked from my life models. To summarise Rodin used drawing to work out his sculptures using observations, the artist that I will now discuss differ in terms of their practice as it seems fair to say that now drawing is used as an excursion away from reality. This past observation looks at the similarities in which contemporary artists such as Rachael Whiteread that used drawing as a way to form her compositions and as a tool of expressing the object/structure with all of its possibilities. These drawings would initially start as plans, and without these plans false conceptions of the work would appear apparent. Whiteread draws with a sculptures mind, for she follows that sense peculiar to making wood or stone sculptures. The drawing is seen as a field as co-extensive with real space, no longer subject to the illusion of an object marked off from the rest of the world. The space of illusionism can change and connect with the space within the world, in doing so it loses its objective and would become more subjective and accessible only to the individuals raw perception. Furthermore, drawing dedicates itself to the space within. The importance of drawing within the space is a crucial process whiteread would have, by redraw the entire space to understand and refine her ideas. For instance, if we look at Floor Study, 1994, ink correction fluid on paper, 46x34cm This wonderful drawing evokes such movement and repetition that can be designed in the sculptures she makes. In relation to such work Louise Bourgeois who uses her drawings as ways of sketching forth ideas. Her memories are the inspiration as she draws sense of her childhood from memory this way of drawing is not systematically correct as there is no end to the line. It was only a matter of time before drawing could be viewed as an opportunity and opportunity to develop the traditions and stick by the conventions in only a symbolic sense. Artists would now discover the imagination as they moved without restraints between media. The Insomnia Drawings, by Louise Bourgeois are a series of two hundred and twenty drawings that contain major themes in her work. Very important in these Insomnia Drawings is the link between drawing and words. The artist expressed her ideas about childhood fears and memories via drawing. Drawing became the channel to exorcise her fears. In my opinion her draw ings are described mainly from a psychoanalytical point of view. Bronfen, The insomnia Drawings suggests that the artists drawings can be divided into two main categories: on one hand abstract and geometric on the other figurative and realistic.Marie- Laurie Bernadac elucidates that the abstract drawings come from a deep need to achieve peace, rest and sleep, they relate to unconscious memories whereas the realistic drawings represent the conquest of negative memory, the need to erase and get rid of..I found these distinctions that Marie-Laure draws between realistic and abstract drawings interesting, However in my opinion the drawings that is described as realistic could not be described as such in the conventional sense. I see her drawings as more of a dreamt reality. In this sense the act of Bourgeois drawings are successful in expressing her ideas, for instance the work femme maison, where the link between the female body and the house is expressed in a simple and effective way . If we look closely as though we were discovering the secret poetry within Twomblys paintings, Bourgeois uses words which are generally used to express ideas; in her drawings words become drawings themselves. Furthermore the use of words as an aesthetic element with excitement functions to challenge the separation of written word and visual language. In fact the artist expresses them as a whole. Words are also used to represent the banality of everyday.In other words, every real artist, by means of lines compels us to recognise what has been drawn this is the spirit of the subject. Close to Bourgeois subject would undoubtedly be Tracy Emin, her work also makes reference to the feminine and sublime. Tracy Emin returns to drawing as the primary means of expressing her abject state of mind and body. Though she employs a vast array of media such as film, sculpture and performance, it is however drawing that satisfies her confessional practice with a constant presence within her practis e (. i.e.). The line takes control over the way she makes marks; with thread she can sew the line and engage with the same familiarities that the line has within drawing. The difference between drawing and a picture is that in the latter the subject is worked out for us to look at; the former I can imagine so many things which are only suggested. The possibilities of drawing fall back to its original tradition; there is a constant flux of ideas that of which deal with the process of change and randomness. Jan Albers for instance, works in a constant hover between reality and phantasm between figuration and abstract. His interest in spiritualism and imagery reveal the intensity of his artistic research and practice. In this example the exploding lines of colour create a shield covering the figure which defines the structure of the drawing as repetitive mark making with use of the pencil. Often his drawings become three dimensional; the drawings step out into our reality and also are part of Albers reality. The radiating lines extend the drawings hung on the wall; his work deplores the change in drawing and is an infinite example of what drawing can become or what drawing has become. Drawing to me is far greater than being such of a secondary nature; it is in fact primary Sometimes leading to the discovery of another. Progression with their chosen materials Joseph Beuys for instance, his drawing can be compared to most recent works within contemporary art such as Monika Grzymala. The drawing is an exercise far removed from perfection often their drawings are much obvious where there drawing began and what sequence the overlapping steps where executed. Furthermore these artists both deal with Time and Energy. Beuys drawings share a complexity of line yet the basic materials used to create the line defines a greater similarity. There lines are erratic and confusing to look at; Beuys drawings investigate his ideas using his memories to make a mark. Grzymala works with tape as her tool too make a mark on a surface. Line is a point taken for a walk There is a fearful energy to Monika Grzymalas drawing installations: layer upon layer of black lines scrawling up the gallery walls. They have a similar intensity to Beuys spontaneous suggestions of form. Beuys per formative actions served to widen the possibilities for what was considered art. I am defining the themes of change and progression; anything and everything has become possible. Drawing and performance the body chapter three This chapter will discuss, drawing in relation to performance within the conceptual art world. I will use artist such as Paul McCarthy, Rebecca Horn and Ives Klein as a way of comparing and evaluating the extreme ways in which these artists would create drawings but not in the traditional sense. These artists would go against their traditions and explore possibilities of finding a new way of drawing, idea art that reinforce the connections with figure and ground and the physical relation that they have engaged with. If we look at the work of Keith Herring it is clear to identify the fusion of post modern theory that, activist practise and the appropriation of the idea of site specific drawing (performance).The growing eclecticism of styles in the 1980s gave artists the freedom to appropriate style and form from other disciplines such as architectural, fashion, and scientific illustration, as well as popular culture.At this time particular artist began to champion drawing again, origi nally seen as the eccentrics within art, and then gradually acknowledged as important individuals. It can be said that drawing for these artist could be the only method that allowed them to fully express their thoughts, ideas and emotions.For instance Rebecca Horn is a performance artist who creates site specific installations, a sculpture that also makes films whose values of drawing derive from this process of her experimentation. These following examinations will portray the artistic style and energy, motifs and aesthetic strategies in which reflect the importance of drawing and demonstrate why these drawings should be accorded far greater importance than they have been in all her previous exhibitions and publications.Even in the momentum of drawing Rebecca Horn fuses conceptual thinking with emotional and per formative procedure. For instance, her Pencil Mask from 1972 (image), considers these aspects offering a more empathetic demonstration of this approach. Rebecca Horn challenges the drawing and the making of the drawing proves a highly concentrated labour. The head mask consisting of a lattice of vertical and horizontal straps cross.Systematically the actions are prepared to measure spontaneous expression. It can be